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Article written by Louisa Bouri-Saouter and Gesche Schifferdecker

When tourists come to visit Germany’s most populous state, North Rhine-Westphalia, some wonder what has happened. Around the Lömecke Tower, an observation tower about 35 meters high in the Arnsberg Forest Nature Park, the once endless spruce forests are gone. Since 2018, about 133,000 hectares of spruce forest have been damaged by a series of calamities that triggered a snowball effect. Hurricane Friederike destroyed large areas of spruce forest and droughts weakened the trees further by reducing their resin production, a precious fluid which normally helps trees protect themselves against pests. Bark beetles, which mainly attack dying or weakened spruces, did not miss the opportunity. 

Larissa Janzen, coordinator for the German Demonstration Area in the EU project SUPERB, recalls in our recent workshop: “It happened very quickly. We even heard stories of forest owners losing their entire forests in just two weeks!” For forestry professionals who have witnessed entire landscapes transform in record time, the sound of bark beetles destroying the trees is still unforgettable. 

Calamities affected all altitudes, creating fragmented landscapes 

However, despite the initial shock, restoration efforts were quickly initiated. Under the SUPERB project, restoration actions have been carried out across 29 demonstration sites (around 34 hectares) with different types of ownership – private, municipal, church, and state.  The Wald und Holz team, the NRW lead partner in the SUPERB project, reports that 46% of the 133,000 hectares of calamity area have been reforested through natural regeneration of spruce and pine. “But it is important to note that these species might not be the best suited to face future conditions,” observes Larissa Janzen. 

That is why another key restoration action implemented in North Rhine-Westphalia is the adaptation of tree species composition to climate change. To achieve this, the team creates species distribution models that take into account factors such as water availability, soil nutrients, temperature, and vegetation. They can then identify which species (including species which are currently not growing in NRW) could potentially grow and survive under new climate conditions in the area. 

Larissa Janzen is showing the landscape transformation in record time around the Lömecke Tower 

However, miscalculations can occur, and the uncertainty regarding the potential impacts of certain tree species on local ecosystems remains. For this reason, multiple species are often combined to increase their overall chances of survival. 

Kilian Marx, a specialist in forest growth and introduced tree species at Wald und Holz, highlights the complexity of tree species selection: “Everyone talks about species first, but there are huge differences within the same species. For example, the Douglas fir has a coastal and an inland variant, but only the coastal one can be planted here because it can resist diseases such as the Swiss needle cast that would kill the inland type.” 

All findings from the Wald und Holz work on tree species selection are shared with forest owners. Through a GIS-based tool, owners can explore which tree species would best fit on their sites through recommendations based on RCP (Representative Concentration Pathways) future climate projections. They can then make their own decisions about their forest management in alignment with both the federal and state forest laws. 

Kilian Marx is talking to journalists during a field visit about the importance of tree species selection 

An important component of climate-adapted forest restoration – what experts now call prestoration – begins outside the forest itself, in places like the Jungermann regional forest nursery, the “Kinderschule des Waldes,” where every tree’s journey starts as a seed in soil. Here, the work stretches from careful seed selection to optimizing genetics to finally raising the young plants that will repopulate damaged landscapes. Much has changed, says Nursery owner Stefan Jungermann: “Where once 7,000 seedlings were planted per hectare, today only about 2,000 are set into the ground.” 

After the bark-beetle calamities, demand collapsed by more than 80% for water-hungry species, shifting attention toward mixed forests, though private forest owners still favor economically valuable conifers when state funding for broadleaves is lacking, Jungermann explains. The nursery cultivates seedlings on 8,000 square meters of harvest area, part of its total 130-hectare operation, and must adapt constantly to the risks of climate extremes. One wet winter wiped out an entire cohort of oak seedlings – 300,000 lost as acorns fouled in saturated soil. Late frost is even more dangerous: in February, if temperatures drop, the whole team wakes before dawn to spray the young plants, encasing them in a protective shell of ice. With the state of NRW providing 17 million euros for reforestation in 2025 – less the following year – every decision counts, from choosing between equally priced oak and larch (though oak is far costlier to maintain) to experimenting with “trendy” newcomers like sweet chestnut, atlas cedar, and Western Red Cedar. There is no single “tree of the future,” the Jungermann family insists; resilience will come from diversity and matching species to their sites.  

Tourism, too, is undergoing a quiet transformation as the Sauerland landscape changes. Although visitor numbers have not declined, the region’s identity is shifting: the dense, seemingly endless spruce forests that once defined the area’s “green” image have largely disappeared – “revealing, in hindsight, how strongly monocultures had shaped the visual character of the landscape”, says Rouven Soyka, press officer at Sauerland Tourism. With 5,000 km², Sauerland still contains many intact and diverse forest areas, yet the contrast between damaged and healthy stands is unmistakable to hikers and holidaymakers. Climate change is also reshaping winter tourism, as snow reliability continues to drop and ski seasons shrink. To address public concerns and maintain transparency, the city of Arnsberg, foresters and tourism managers together have intensified the outreach, offering guided tours and organizing citizen planting days. While these volunteer plantings contribute little to large-scale restoration, they have proven invaluable for public engagement, helping visitors and residents alike understand the painstaking, decades-long process of rebuilding a resilient forest – and the new forms of beauty and biodiversity that may emerge. 

In this careful choreography between climate, species, and human stewardship, the Wald und Holz team and their diverse local partners stand together at the quiet but crucial beginning of tomorrow’s forests.